Recovered metals
Ferrous and non-ferrous recovered at pre-incineration sorting
Resource Flow Visualisation
Two flow lines, every output a product.
MSW and biomass each pass through pre-treatment — metals and chemicals recovered before the burn — then incineration yields grid energy, heat for sand batteries and desalination, captured CO2, and ash transformed into aggregates and cementitious material.
MSW flow line
Landfill-diverted municipal solid waste
Recovered plastics
Plastics separated at the same pre-incineration sorting stage as metals
Energy to grid
Direct electricity export from incineration
Sand batteries
Heat offtake stored as long-duration thermal energy
Fresh water
Heat-driven desalination, potable and industrial supply
Industrial salt
Recovered from desalination brine
Second-pass metals
MSW ash only — screened a second time after incineration to recover remaining valuable metals
Modified MSW ash
Post-burn processing of the screened ash
Phase 1 CO2 capture (mineralisation)
CO2 is locked in through mineralisation as the aggregate is formed
Aggregates / engineered fill
Modified MSW ash mineralised and pelletised into construction material
Stage 2 CO2 capture (natural weathering)
The formed aggregate keeps absorbing CO2 as it cures — earning carbon credits
Biomass flow line
Organic fraction with pre-treatment chemical recovery
Chemical extraction
The pre-treatment stage — valuable chemicals are extracted from the organic fraction before incineration
Recovered chemicals
The chemicals recovered at extraction, sold as a product stream
Energy to grid
Same energy streams as MSW during incineration
Sand batteries
Heat offtake into thermal storage
Fresh water & salt
Via heat-driven desalination
Biomass ash
Chemically different from MSW ash — no second metals screening is applied
Cementitious material
Modified biomass ash — sold separately, used in its own aggregates, or blended as feedstock into MSW aggregate production
CO2 capture — two stages
Phase 1 CO2 capture (mineralisation) as aggregate forms; stage 2 CO2 capture (natural weathering) as it cures
Future feedstocks
These streams do not require incineration. They are already inert or spent, so they enter directly at the mineralisation stage — a separate class of feedstock, assessed case by case and not part of current scope.
Mining fines
Fine tailings left over from ore processing, mineralised directly into aggregate without incineration.
Sewage sludge
Dried municipal sludge, stabilised and bound into construction material rather than landfilled.
Brown coal PFA
Pulverised fuel ash from lignite generation — already combusted, so it enters at the mineralisation stage.
Bauxite red mud
Highly alkaline alumina refinery residue, neutralised by CO2 mineralisation into usable fill.
Steel slag
Furnace slag with strong carbonation potential, converted into aggregate while locking in CO2.
CKD / CBD (cement)
Cement kiln and bypass dust, reused as a reactive binder feedstock instead of being wasted.